@article {1775,
	title = {Downregulation of CRX, a Group 3-specific oncogenic transcription factor, inhibits TGF-β/activin signaling in medulloblastoma cells [Next Gen Genomics Facility]},
	journal = {Biochem Biophys Res Commun.},
	volume = {568},
	year = {2021},
	month = {06/2021},
	chapter = {76},
	abstract = {<p>Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, consists of four molecular subgroups WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Group 3 has the worst survival rate among the four subgroups and is characterized by the expression of retina-specific genes. CRX, the master regulator of the photoreceptor differentiation, is aberrantly expressed in Group 3 medulloblastomas. CRX expression increased the proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, invasion potential, and tumorigenicity of medulloblastoma cells indicating the oncogenic role of CRX in medulloblastoma pathogenesis. CRX knockdown resulted in the downregulation of expression of several retina-specific genes like IMPG2, PDC, RCVRN. and Group 3 specific genes like GABRA5, MYC, PROM1. Thus, CRX plays a major role not only in the expression of retina-specific genes but also in defining Group 3 identity. Increased expression of several pro-apoptotic genes upon CRX knockdown suggests that CRX could protect Group 3 medulloblastoma cells from cell death. Several negative regulators of the TGF-β signaling pathway like SMAD7, PMEPA1, KLF2 were upregulated upon the CRX knockdown. Western blot analysis showed a decrease in the levels of (Phospho)-SMAD2, total levels of SMAD2, SMAD4, and an increase in the levels of SMAD7 indicating inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway upon CRX knockdown. Copy number variations in several genes involved in the TGF-β signaling pathway occur in a subset of Group 3 tumors. Autocrine TGF-β/activin signaling has recently been reported to be active in a subset of Group 3 medulloblastomas. CRX knockdown resulting in the inhibition of the TGF-β/activin signaling pathway demonstrates an interaction between the two Group 3 specific oncogenic pathways and suggests simultaneous targeting of both CRX and TGF-β signaling as a possible therapeutic strategy.</p>
},
	doi = {10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.064.},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006291X21009888$\#$!}
}
